Article by Gregory Havel
2017年7月,美国职业安全与头脑lth Administration (OSHA) began enforcement of new regulations on the exposure of construction and demolition workers to respirable silica dust. These regulations are free downloads fromwww.osha.gov。在网站上，查找“标准和法规”，单击“构造”，然后滚动至29 CFR 1926.1153。
The silica pages on the OSHA and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Web sites provide this information on silica:
- Silica is a white or clear crystalline substance that appears granular
- 二氧化硅是二氧化硅，带有化学配方SIO2
- Silica is one of the most common compounds found on the earth, and is the compound from which quartz and sand in much of the world are made
Silica can be found almost anywhere on our world, as particles ranging in sizes from large rocks to sand grains to microscopic particles. It is used in construction materials, concrete, Portland cement, electronics, and as an ingredient in some foods and medications.
吸入时，是微观颗粒是健康问题。可吸入的晶体二氧化硅颗粒小于海滩或游乐场沙子的大小的1/100，并在含二氧化硅，岩石，混凝土，砖块，砖块和砂浆等含硅胶的材料（如石材，岩石，混凝土，砖块和砂浆）中创建。钻了，被压碎。这些可呼吸的颗粒很容易成为并保持空气传播，并被建筑工作地点的工人吸入。
吸气这些非常小的晶体二氧化硅颗粒的工人有增加与二氧化硅相关疾病的风险，包括：
- 硅化作用是一种无法治愈的肺部疾病，可导致残疾和死亡
- 肺癌
- 慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）
- 结核
- 肾脏疾病
暴露于可呼吸的晶体二氧化硅也与狼疮和类风湿关节炎等自身免疫性疾病的发展以及心血管障碍有关。
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Silicosis usually develops after 15 or more years of occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica; although it may develop after a comparatively short exposure if the concentration of respirable particles is great enough.
This last point may be an explanation for the large number of emergency responders from the World Trade Center attacks on September 11, 2001 who are ill and dying as the result of their response to the incidents, and as the result of the hours each day for weeks that they contributed to the rescue and recovery activities that followed.
According to the news media at the time, OSHA was working with public health officials and the Fire Department of New York in determining the personal protective equipment and respirators needed by workers at the site.
根据当时的标准，可呼吸的二氧化硅的允许暴露极限（PEL）高于小灰尘。根据29 CFR 1910.1000（2006版）的PEL表Z-3，可吸入的二氧化硅的PEL为10毫克每立方米的空气（mg/m3); and for respirable nuisance dust 5 mg/m3。对于大多数营救和恢复工人来说，一次性防尘口罩被认为是足够的呼吸保护。
根据今天的标准，在29 CFR 1926.1153中说，可呼吸二氧化硅的动作水平为每立方米25微克（μg/m3), calculated as an eight-hour time weighted average (TWA), while PEL for respirable nuisance dust is still 5 mg/m3
Respirable silica is now recognized as a greater health hazard than it was in 2001. The levels of protection for workers in contaminated areas is greater now than in 2001. Air sampling and testing on construction and demolition job sites has shown that wet cutting and drilling and the use of wet methods during demolition and debris handling suppress dust and reduce the levels of respirable silica dust to nearly zero. OSHA’s silica regulations today will permit the use of disposable dust masks for some kinds of tasks for periods greater than four hours only if the drilling, cutting, or material handling are being done with enough water to suppress visible dust. See Table 1 in OSHA’s 29 CFR 1926.1153 for details on these procedures.
Where will we find silica in buildings and construction materials? Nearly everywhere, including but not limited to: Concrete, concrete masonry units, brick, firebrick, gypsum drywall board and taping compounds, plaster, asphalt paving, Portland cement, mortar, fiber-cement siding, ducts and pipes, ceramic tiles, grout, terrazzo, vinyl composition tiles, some types of insulation, sand, gravel, and roofing materials.
OSHA的这一新二氧化硅标准，许多常见的建筑材料中存在二氧化硅，以及在建筑物中的其他有害和有毒产品（包括一氧化碳，氰化物，石棉，铅，铅，酸和其他化学品）在火灾中应发生后使用独立的呼吸设备和完整的消防员PPE在消防大楼内进行工作，直到大修完成为止。还应要求消防人员在建筑物出口处的PPE进行总净化，然后用低压的水软管去除PPE的任何部分。
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Gregory Havel是伯灵顿镇（WI）消防局的成员；退休的副局长兼培训官；以及一名35年的消防人员资深人士。他是威斯康星州认证的消防教练II，消防官II和消防检查员；Gateway技术学院消防计划的兼职讲师；Scherrer Construction Co. Inc.的安全总监Havel拥有圣诺伯特学院的学士学位；在设施管理和建筑建设方面拥有超过35年的经验；并已在FDIC介绍课程。
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