建设问题: Corrosion

格雷格·哈维尔的文章和照片

金属的腐蚀可以定义为其与其环境反应的降解。通过通过改变其结晶结构或通过将金属转化为具有较少强度的化合物的逐渐转化为化合物来引起金属的降解可以导致金属的弱化。

Environmental concerns include the presence of oxygen, moisture (water), contact with dissimilar metals, and chemicals.

美国国家航空航天局(NASA)表明大多数腐蚀是电化学,在原子和分子水平处发生;并估计90%的腐蚀是由氧化引起的。大多数剩余腐蚀是电流,在电解质存在下在两个相互接触的两种不同金属之间进行,这形成弱电池;另一个时间的主题。

结构混凝土板的腐蚀钢钢筋

(1)

One of the most common and most destructive electrochemical oxidation reactions is one that occurs between iron or steel and oxygen, commonly called “rust.” In a simplified description of this reaction, iron atoms lose electrons, becoming positively charged iron ions. Oxygen atoms gain the electrons, becoming negatively charged oxygen ions; which combination forms iron oxide. Iron oxide has different chemical and physical properties than pure iron, including a great reduction of tensile and compressive strength. This process occurs most quickly in the presence of moisture with dissolved oxygen. Photo 1 shows the remains of the reinforcing steel (rebar) in a structural concrete slab that was corroded from years of rainwater and salty snow-melt finding its way through the cracks and fissures in the concrete, until the pressure exerted by the increased volume of the iron oxide (compared to the volume of the original steel) spalled a large area of the under-side of the concrete.

一件被严重腐蚀的卡车的一部分

(2)

照片2显示了一辆被严重腐蚀和削弱到天气和咸雪 - 熔体的钢框架的一部分。这种钢已经通过腐蚀如此削弱,即它不再是结构性的声音,需要更换。

在管道系统中,铁或钢中最具破坏性的氧化是局部化的,导致坑(钢中的薄斑点)和氧化铁的沉积物和它们上方的其他矿物质,它们维持特别有利于腐蚀的局部环境,以及哪种矿物质可以阻碍流体流过管道。

Rebar stirrups with surface rust

(3)

Widespread or general corrosion on the surface of a metal changes its appearance but does not affect its strength. Photo 3 shows rebar stirrups with surface rust, which will become part of the rebar assembly inside reinforced concrete columns. In this instance, this mild corrosion lifts any remaining oil from the steel mill from the surface of the rebar and roughens it slightly to provide a better bond for the concrete.

在一些情况下,如这些金属表面上的铜氧化物和氧化铝的形成,氧化形成薄膜,通过防止与氧接触来防止进一步氧化。

已被环氧化合物涂有环氧化合物的螺纹钢刺激

(4)

在其他情况下,通过将涂层施加到金属中,使金属的一般腐蚀和进一步降解,以将金属与空气,水分和土壤中的氧气分离。照片4显示了为此目的涂有环氧化合物的钢筋刺激。照片5显示了环氧涂层钢筋,已组装以加入一个带有结构混凝土甲板的柱,将暴露在天气上。这款环氧涂层钢筋常常在桥梁中使用,带有高水位的地下结构,以及完成的结构需要长寿期望的任何地方,并将暴露在极端的天气中。

Epoxy-coated rebar

(5)

Film-forming primers and paints

(6)

在结构钢和桥上使用的基于铅,基于铬酸盐的和聚合物膜形成引物和涂料(照片6)是结构钢上这些涂层的实例。

将具有较少反应性金属的金属组合可导致合金,其不会像原始金属一样容易地氧化。将铜,镍,铬和其他金属加入钢以形成不同等级的不锈钢是其中的一个例子。另一个例子是合金结构钢的专利公式,其在表面上形成氧化物涂层,该钢在表面上保护其余的钢结构。

Plating one metal with another can also prevent the oxidation reaction, as in the plating of steel with chromium in exposed components like automobile bumpers and hardware.

Galvanized steel electrical conduit in a wall framed with galvanized steel studs

(7)

将一种金属与另一种金属涂覆在氧化中更具反应可以保护基础金属免受腐蚀,与镀锌有用锌,它通过腐蚀而不是钢牺牲锌。照片7显示了镀锌钢螺柱框架中的镀锌(镀锌)钢电气管道。这与镀锌(镀锌)钢管和管道中使用的相同原理;在热加热器中用于保护加热元件和罐中的“牺牲阳极”;和保护涂层一起使用的“牺牲阳极”,以防止钢气和油管道腐蚀土壤接触。

在建筑物及其系统中的不受控制的腐蚀可以导致管道和管道系统的早期失效,以及当腐蚀充分削弱结构钢时的结构崩溃。在正常情况下,这些潜在的故障可能不明显,直到异常像火,龙卷风或地震,向这些已经强调的系统增加压力。

有关腐蚀中涉及的电化学和电流反应的更多信息,请搜索互联网

  • Corrosion
  • 腐蚀类型
  • 电镀腐蚀
  • 防腐
  • 防腐蚀保护

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Greg Havel格雷戈里哈维尔属于伯灵顿镇(WI)火德partment; retired deputy chief and training officer; and a 35-year veteran of the fire service. He is a Wisconsin-certified fire instructor II, fire officer II, and fire inspector; an adjunct instructor in fire service programs at Gateway Technical College; and safety director for Scherrer Construction Co., Inc. Havel has a bachelor’s degree from St. Norbert College; has more than 35 years of experience in facilities management and building construction; and has presented classes at FDIC International. This year ihe is presenting on“建设建筑和火灾行为。”

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