By David DeStefano
Photo by John Peninne
通常，在火场的动态环境中工作时，我们选择的初始战术选项可能不会按计划进行。无数因素会影响每个操作，从而导致很少以教科书方式展开的情况。有能力的消防员，官员和酋长必须在操作过程中为每种战略和战术行动维护至少一个（理想的几个）替代计划。具有丰富经验的消防员可以利用过去的事件来促进其深度知识，但是所有成员不管他们的经验水平如何训练以从多个角度实现共同的火灾目标。从一个以上的维度来看，从一个以上的维度来看，在许多消防学科中的成功至关重要。这种能力在火场上同样重要。
The concept of having a “Plan B” involves understanding that an alternate method of working through a problem must always be considered and remain available for use during operations. In the following paragraphs, several common fireground operations are discussed with scenarios that require firefighters employ a secondary (Plan B) option to achieve an objective. Although there are numerous solutions in addition to those discussed, the remedy must be efficient, safe, and provide for the achievement of the next objective.
Engine Company Operations
Scenario:The first-arriving pumper lays a supply line from a hydrant that is not functioning. The volume of fire can’t be contained using tank water available on the apparatus.
Plan B:第二次抛弃的发动机，不是这次火灾中主要供水操作的一部分，它会自动将设备朝着次要消防栓的大火方向上台。As soon as the driver/operator of the initial engine reports a problem, the second engine’s crew (or other members not yet assigned) can begin to provide water from the secondary source using their Plan B. Had this plan not existed, the incident commander may have used valuable time directing another resource to find a hydrant and complete a hose lay. Apparatus may not have been positioned to make the lay and a delay may have occurred, forcing interior operations to be compromised or external exposures to be threatened.
Scenario:Engine companies attacking a fire in the office area of a commercial building stretched an attack line short of their objective because of interior compartmentation that couldn’t be predicted from their exterior size-up. They are unable to effectively operate the line at the seat of the fire and have closed a door leading to the office to contain fire spread while Plan B is enacted.
Plan B:An additional engine company has stretched a backup line that is at least one length longer than the original attack line. In most cases, the extra length will be enough to position the line for a knock down. A length or two of bundled hose can then be added to the original line to provide backup or add to the fire attack if necessary. Having the slightly longer backup line in place and keeping extra hose bundles on the rig for quick deployment may make the difference between holding the fire or losing considerable property and inhibiting searches.
Scenario:A single engine company arrives first at a working fire in an occupied dwelling. The company has secured its own water supply at a hydrant adjacent to the residence but the arrival of the first-in truck company will be delayed. The engine needs to begin a primary search in the area adjacent to the seat of the fire while operating a handline to contain the fire to its present location. The officer wants to ensure that the firefighters completing the search remain oriented and the hoseline is in operation to provide protection and containment.
Plan B:The officer knows that the best way an engine company can save lives at a fire is to operate the proper hoseline on the fire. The delay of the truck company, however, prompts concerns that a rescue from the products of combustion may be too late for any occupants who were unable to self-evacuate. In his Plan B option, the officer orders a hoseline stretched down a hallway to the fire room to contain the fire and protect the means of egress for firefighters and occupants. The remaining firefighters in the company girth hitch a piece of looped webbing or clip a personal search rope around the hoseline that is stretched in the hallway. The rooms off the hallway adjacent to where the line is operating can be quickly searched; the searchers will maintain orientation with the hoseline that is holding the fire and protecting their egress. Although this is not the preferred method to conduct a primary search, it leverages the available personnel and provides protection and orientation while allowing at least a rudimentary search to be undertaken prior to the arrival of the truck company.
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Truck Company Operations
Scenario:梯子公司致力于纵向通风has just completed what they feel is an adequately sized opening for a considerable fire condition on the top floor of a residential building. The members have pushed through the ceiling and are about to transmit a situational report and leave the roof for another assignment. However, the roof team becomes concerned that the return of smoke and heat out of the vent opening is much less than would be expected for the volume of fire below. They believe the vent hole may be over a closet or bathroom with a closed door separating the area from the fire.
Plan B:Rather than immediately beginning work on another opening, the roof team will try two simple remedies that may provide a quick solution. First, they will simply angle their hooks to catch additional rafter bays alongside the area where they originally pushed through the ceiling. The attempt is to reach an adjacent area that may be more directly over the fire. If the original “push through” was in a closet or room adjacent to the fire, this tactic may provide better access to the fire area. The next option is the completion of a “Plan B” considered during the initial roof cut.
When making the first opening, the roof team considered the possibility that the opening may need to be made larger for several reasons. Because of this consideration they “over cut” the vertical and horizontal cuts beyond their intersection with each other. This tactic effectively added “arms and legs” that could extend the size of the opening by completing just one full cut. If necessary, this option will allow the roof team to access a different area to push through the ceiling that may be more directly over the fire, or to simply enlarge the size of the ventilation opening.
要提出的要点是，这些选择中的每一个都不是一个完美的解决方案，它代表了快速的策略，即受过训练的消防员可以在曲线之前进行思考，以补救问题，这些问题可能会影响任务成功而无需决定性行动。在事件中运行的每个成员都应从分配的角度来查看他们的作业，然后计划使用易于可用的技能和资源的第二个选项，如果事件动态需要更改，则可以使用这些技能和资源。
David DeStefanois a battalion chief with the North Providence (RI) Fire Department, where he has served for 29 years. He is a shift commander in the operations division. He was previously chief of training and safety and has also served as a captain, lieutenant, and firefighter in Ladder Co. 1 as well as a lieutenant in Engine Co. 3. DeStefano is an instructor/coordinator with the Rhode Island Fire Academy and lectures on fire service topics throughout Southern New England. He was a presenter at FDIC International 2017 and 2018.
